MATERIAL IDENTIFICATION
Academic plagiarism is «the publication (in part or in full) of scientific results obtained by other persons as the results of one's own research, and/or the reproduction of published texts of other authors without indicating authorship».
Academic plagiarism is academic behavior characterized by the following features:
– using words, ideas or work results belonging to another specified source or person without reference to them;
– indicating the authorship of the original in order to obtain a certain benefit; According to the Law of Ukraine "On Copyright and Related Rights" 9 (Article 50, Clause B), plagiarism is "publication (publication) of someone else's work in whole or in part under the name of a person who is not the author of this work." The application of the norms of this law is the protection of copyright on objects of scientific or creative activity that are not published and do not exist in an objective form (Article 3, Part 1), for example, on ideas expressed during discussions. Instead, the norms of academic ethics provide for references to the authors of such ideas.
Academic plagiarism should not be equated with copyright infringement as a type of intellectual property right.
Academic plagiarism can refer to all types of sources, including: texts, drawings, fragments of musical works, mathematical expressions and transformations, program codes, etc. Sources of academic plagiarism can be published and unpublished books, articles, brochures, patents, theses, manuscripts, websites and other Internet resources, handouts, etc.
Academic plagiarism should be distinguished from citation errors, namely, the absence of quotation marks when using text fragments borrowed from other sources, if there is a correct reference to this source; incorrect design of the link, which complicates or makes impossible the search for sources and their processing by scientometrics systems.
Regarding the correct citation of translations: a literal translation should be issued as a quotation, and the absence of quotation marks is a violation. At the same time, the design even a literal translation as a quotation can provide readers with distorted information about the position of the author of the original text. The solution to the problem may be to provide a free translation with a reference to the source. Other common options for solving this problem are to provide the original text next to the translation, or to provide parentheses in the original language of certain words, the translation of which is ambiguous.
Self-plagiarism is «publishing (in part or in full) one's own previously published scientific results as new scientific results.
Typical examples of self-plagiarism are:
- duplication of publications — publication of the same scientific work (completely or with minor changes) in several editions, as well as re-publication (completely or with minor changes) of previously published articles, monographs, other scientific works as new scientific works;
- duplication of scientific results — publication of the same scientific results, in different articles, monographs, other scientific works, as new results that are published for the first time;
- aggregation or addition of data — combining old and new data without their clear identification with appropriate references to previous publications;
- data disaggregation — publication of a part of previously published data without reference to the previous publication;
- re-analysis of previously published data without reference to the previous publication of these data and their previously performed analysis.
When analyzing scientific works for the presence of self-plagiarism, it is necessary to proceed from the norm of the Law of Ukraine "On Scientific and Scientific and Technical Activities" (Article 1, Clause 22), that a scientific result is "new scientific knowledge obtained in the process of fundamental or applied scientific research", and not from the following formulations regarding the forms of existence of a scientific result.
Self-plagiarism does not include reprints (stereotyped or revised and/or supplemented) of monographs, textbooks, study guides, etc., in which information about the reprint and/or reference to the first edition is given. Furthermore, the limited use of fragments of previously published works of the author in new monographs, textbooks, training manuals is not self- plagiarism, if the new work contains relevant information, and the amount of duplication is agreed with the publisher and customers of the publication.