Свинарство 2024 №4(82)

СУЧАСНІ ТЕНДЕНЦІЇ В ДІАГНОСТИЦІ ІНФЕКЦІЙНИХ ХВОРОБ У СВИНЕЙ

УДК: 636.4.09:616-022.7

DOI: 10.37143/2786-7730-2024-4(82)7

БІБЛІОГРАФІЯ за ДСТУ: Jelonek A., Kurasz Ja., Tkaczenko H., Kurhaluk N. Current trends in the diagnosis of infectious diseases in pigs. Свинарство і агропромислове виробництво : міжвідом. темат. наук. зб. / Ін-т свинарства і АПВ НААН. Полтава, 2024. Вип. 4(82). С. 94-123. doi: 10.37143/2786-7730-2024-4(82)7

A. Jelonek,veterinary doctor,
ORCID:https://orcid.org/0009-0002-2451-44122
E-mail:jelonekagnieszka33@gmail.com
Ветеринарна клініка FELIS, Сем'яніце, Польща
J. Kurasz, 5th year medical student,
ORCID:https://orcid.org/0009-0004-3955-1552
E-mail:jakubkurasz30@gmail.com
Медичний факультет Опольського університету, Ополе, Польща
H. M. Tkaczenko, Doc. o f Biological Sci., Prof., Vice-Director o f Institute o f Biology,
ORCID:https//orcid.org/0000-0003-3951-9005
E-mail:: halina.tkaczenko@upsl.edu.pl
Інститут біології Поморського університету в Слупську, Слупськ, Польща
N. M. Kurhaluk, Doc. o f Biological Sci., Prof., Institute o f Biology,
ORCID:https//orcid.org/0000-0002-4669-1092
E-mail:natalia.kurhaluk@upsl.edu.pl
Інститут біології Поморського університету в Слупську, Слупськ, Польща

Анотація

Мета. У цьому огляді висвітлюються останні тенденції в діагностичних технологіях та їх застосуванні для спостереження за захворюваннями, прогнозування спалахів та оптимізації лікування. Результати. Рання та точна діагностика інфекційних захворювань у свиней відіграє вирішальну роль у захисті здоров’я тварин, максимальному підвищенні продуктивності та підтримці економічної стабільності свинарства. Інфекційні захворювання свиней, які можуть мати бактеріальне, вірусне або паразитарне походження, часто призводять до значних економічних втрат через зниження продуктивності, збільшення смертності та витрат, пов ’язаних з лікуванням захворювання. Крім того, інфекційні захворювання свиней викликають серйозне занепокоєння громадської охорони здоров ’я, особливо коли залучені зоонозні збудники, оскільки вони можуть передаватися людям і потенційно призводити до значних проблем зі здоров ’ям. Тому своєчасне виявлення та контроль за цими патогенами є життєво важливими не лише для свинарства, але й для глобальної громадської охорони здоров’я. Швидкий розвиток діагностичних технологій в останні роки мав трансформаційний вплив на виявлення та контроль захворювань свиней. Методи молекулярної діагностики, включаючи полімеразну ланцюгову реакцію (ПЛР) і секвенування наступного покоління (NGS), значно покращили можливості раннього виявлення, дозволяючи ветеринарам і фермерам ідентифікувати патогени до того, як у тварин з ’являться клінічні ознаки. Такі технології покращують нагляд за хворобами, полегшуючи швидку ідентифікацію інфікованих тварин, яких можна негайно ізолювати, щоб запобігти подальшому поширенню хвороби в стадах. Ця здатність раннього втручання є важливою для контролю спалахів та мінімізації їх впливу на економіку й здоров ’я. Інтеграція цих передових методів діагностики з такими інструментами, як аналіз даних, біоінформатика та машинне навчання відкрила нові горизонти в лікуванні захворювань. Завдяки прогнозному моделюванню та аналізу даних ці інструменти можуть допомогти передбачити спалахи та розробити більш цілеспрямовані стратегії лікування й профілактики. Наприклад, алгоритми машинного навчання можуть обробляти великі масиви даних із багатьох джерел, щоб точніше передбачати тенденції розвитку захворювань і визначати фактори високого ризику, забезпечуючи проактивне, а не реактивне лікування захворювань. Ця комбінація молекулярної діагностики та обчислювальних інструментів є потужним прогресом у ветеринарії, сприяючи швидкому та стратегічному реагуванню, необхідному для стримування інфекційних захворювань у популяціях свиней. Однак залишаються значні проблеми, особливо в контексті дрібних фермерських господарств і бідних на ресурси регіонів. Багато дрібних власників стикаються з перешкодами на шляху впровадження цих технологій через обмежені фінансові ресурси, відсутність технічної підготовки та недостатню інфраструктуру. Розв'язання цих проблем має вирішальне значення для того, щоб досягнення в діагностиці стали доступними для всіх рівнів галузі, сприяючи більш справедливим результатам для здоров’я та знижуючи ризик поширення захворювання в регіонах і громадах. Висновки. Оскільки ми рухаємося до майбутнього, де технології будуть більшою мірою інтегровані в сільське господарство та ветеринарію, надзвичайно важливо забезпечити доступність діагностичних інструментів для ферм будь-якого розміру. Усунення поточних бар’єрів, які обмежують доступ до передової діагностики, покращить як здоров’я, так і продуктивність популяцій свиней і підтримає ширші ініціативи щодо запобігання спалахам зоонозних захворювань. Сприяючи широкому використанню цих інновацій, галузь свинарства може розвиватися більш стабільно, відіграючи при цьому ключову роль у захисті глобального здоров ’я.

Ключові слова: інфекційні хвороби, свиня, діагностичні технології, ПЛР, секвенування нового покоління, молекулярна діагностика, управління захворюваннями, свинарство, зоонози.

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